In the field of computer science is called as artificial intelligence to the faculty of reasoning that holds an agent that is not alive, such is the case of a robot.
For now, it is sufficiently clear that the goal of AI
is to understand the nature of intelligence through the design of computer
systems that exhibit it. More concretely, it can be said that, in what has
elapsed from its short history.
AI has been directed by three general
objectives:
- The theoretical analysis of possible explanations of
intelligent behavior.
- The explanation of human mental abilities.
- The construction of intelligent artifacts
(computers).
These robots in addition to being able to reason, are
able to develop many behaviors and activities especially human, such as solving
a given problem, practicing a sport, among others.
AI was introduced to the scientific community in 1950
by the Englishman Alan Turing in his article "Computational Machinery and
Intelligence." Although research on the design and capabilities of computers
began a few years ago, it was until Turing's article that the idea of an
intelligent machine captivated scientists' attention. But, the concept of
Artificial Intelligence, also known by the acronym AI, is due to the American
computer scientist John McCarthy, who in 1956 pronounced it for the first time
in a conference causing a great impact in the field of technology. From then, the concept has spread fantastically world and that is why
today is so common its use when we want to refer us to those machines or
devices equipped with a simile intelligence of the human beings.
Characteristics that define artificial intelligence:
1. Reactive machines.
You may have heard of Deep Blue, the IBM-made
supercomputer that defeated the great teacher and world chess champion, Garri
Kasparov, in 1997. Deep Blue belongs to the most basic type of Artificial
Intelligence that exists: reactive machines. This type of AI does not have the
ability to store memories or use past experiences to make decisions.
Reactive machines perceive the world directly and act
out of what they see. Their functioning does not require them to create a model
of the world. For example, Deep Blue can identify the pieces on a chessboard,
make predictions about the possible next moves of his opponent and choose the
best answers, but he knows nothing of the past or the experiences he has had in
previous games.
2. Machines with limited memory.
Autonomous cars also include this other type of
Artificial Intelligence, with which they can take a look at the past. This
class of cars has the ability to monitor speed and direction for a specific
period. According to Hintze, this data is added to the representation of the world
that has been loaded into the computer, which includes the localization of
traffic lights, traffic signals or curves of a road.
3. Machines with a Theory of Mind.
People, animals, plants and now, some objects, have
thoughts and emotions that directly affect their behavior, the study and
awareness of this phenomenon are known as Theory of Mind. For researcher
Michael Hintze, this is the main feature that differentiates the machines that
have been built so far that will be developed in the future.
According to the assistant professor at Michigan State
University, this type of recognition has been crucial in shaping human
societies. "If we do not understand the intentions and motives of others,
and if we do not take into account what another person knows about me or the
environment, working together is a much more complicated task if not
impossible," he explained.
4. Machines with self-awareness.
Machines that are able to construct a representation
of themselves will be the last step of Artificial Intelligence systems.
"Artificial Intelligence researchers should not only know how
consciousness works, but we must build machines that have one," explains
Michael Hintze.
Those beings with self-consciousness know their
internal states and therefore, are able to predict the feelings of others. For
example, we are able to identify that a person suffers pain when he has fallen,
because we ourselves have felt pain when falling.
Advantages and Disadvantages of AI:
Advantages.
- In the workplace reduces additional costs and wages.
- Being an attraction, leads to generate more income.
- Applications have been developed that perform tasks
that man could never have done because of its complexity.
- Can predict long-term situations.
- Reduces the time consumed to perform certain activity.
- Achieve great findings and progress.
Disadvantages.
- As software, they require constant updates
(maintenance).
- Making these expert systems requires a lot of time
and money.
- To create machines that are self-sufficient and
capable of displacing the human race.
- The irrational and exaggerated use of this
technology could lead to the domination of machines over man, as well as to
become very dependent on them.
- Man feels less important when a machine or a system
"overcomes" it.
Anyway, the AI is something that is revolutionizing the world,
because with the new technologies robots can do things more similar to humans.
And like every technology has advantages and
disadvantages, because every time that robots are better as in the industry
people are less busy in business.
made by: Héctor Darío Chávez Enciso
